Speech Processing

• Speech is the most natural form of human-human communications.

• Speech may be a more intuitive way of accessing information, controlling things, and communicating.

 Purpose of Speech Processing:

• To understand speech as a means of communication.

• To represent speech for transmission and reproduction.

• To analyze speech for automatic recognition and extraction of information.

• To discover some physiological characteristics of the talker.

 Block Diagram of Speech Processing:

• The above figure shows a block diagram of a generic speech encoding system.

• In this, the A-to-D converter converts the analog speech signal to a sampled waveform representation.

• The digital signal is analyzed and coded by digital computation algorithms to produce a new digital signal that can be transmitted over a digital communication channel.

• The procedure to convert digitized speech signal with higher bit rate to lower bit rate is called compression. 

 Examples:

Used for Mobile Communication

Used in Walkie Talkies

Used for Radio Broadcasting

Used for Music Recordings

Video Compression

 Definition: 

• Video Compression is the process of encoding a video file in such a way that it consumes less space than the original file and is easier to transmit over the network/Internet.

• It is a type of compression technique that reduces the size of video file formats by eliminating redundant and non-functional data from the original video file.

• Video files are almost always compressed before being put on the web (or downloaded from the web ). 

• Compression involves packing the file's information into a smaller space. This works through two different kinds of compression i.e, lossy and lossless.

 Lossy Compression:

• Lossy compression means that the compressed file has less data in it than the original file.

• Images and sounds that repeat throughout the video might be removed to effectively cut out parts of the video that seen as unneeded.

• In some cases, this translates to lower quality files because information has been "lost," hence the name.

• Lossy compression methods don't make pixel-by-pixel copies of the source at all.

• They work in several different ways, but the general result is the same.

• By making compression method can essentially turn a giant source file into something that takes up considerably less space and can be easily played back on a portable device.

 Examples of Lossy Compression Technique:

Lossy Compressed Files

 Lossless Compression: 

• Lossless Compression is a class of data compression algorithms that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.

• The latest standard in video compressing is High Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC). This is said to double the amount of data compressed while retaining the same level of video quality.

• Over all, lossless compression is best for every stage of the editing process from capture to edits, but lossy compression formats are currently the best way to deliver high-quality video to your portable media player or to YouTube.

 Examples of Lossless Compression Technique:

Lossless Compressed Files

 Advantages:

• Video file requires less storage space.

• File transferring is faster.

• Order of bytes is independent.

• Reading and writing the video files is faster.

 Disadvantages:

• Complicated work process.

• Errors can occur during compression, transfer and streaming.

• Processing time to decompress the compressed file.

Digital Image Processing

 Digital Image:

• A digital image is a representation of a two dimensional image as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels.

• Pixel values typically represent gray levels, colours, heights, opacities etc.

• Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an approximation of a real scene.

 Digital Image Processing:

• Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks.

• Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation.

• Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for autonomous machine perception.

 Phases of Image Processing:

 1. Acquisition: It could be as simple as being given an image which is in digital form. It involves two steps i.e,. Scaling and color  conversion.

 2. Image Enhancement: It is amongest the simplest and most appealing in areas of image processing it is also used to extract some  hidden details from an image and is subjective.

 3. Image Restoration: It also deals with appealing of an image but it is objective(Restoration is based on mathematical or probabilistic  model or image degradation). 
 4. Morphological Processing: It deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in the representation and  description of shape.
 5. Segmentation: It includes partitioning an image into its constituent parts or objects. Autonomous segmentation is the most difficult  task in image processing. 
 6. Object Recognition: It is a process that assigns a label to an object based on its descriptor.
 7. Representation and Description: It follows output of segmentation stage, choosing a representation is only the part of solution for  transforming raw data into processed data.
 8. Image Compression: It involves in developing  some functions to perform this operation. It mainly deals with image size or  resolution.
 9. Colour Image Processing: It deals with pseudocolor and full color image processing color models are applicable to digital image  processing.  

 Real Time Applications:

• The use of digital image processing techniques has exploded and they are now used for all kinds of tasks in all kinds of areas

                     –  Image Sharpening and restoration
                     –  Medical Visualization
                     –  Industrial Inspection
                     –  Machine/ Robot Vision
                     –  Artistic Effects

Used to Improve Quality and Remove Noise

Used for Boundary Detection(Original MRI Image of Dog Heart vs Edge Detection) 

Used for Number Plate Recognition for Speed Cameras

Used in Finger Print Recognition

Used in Artistic Effects to Make Images More Visually Appealing

 Advantages:

• It improves the visual quality of an image and the distribution of intensity.

• It can process an image in such a way that the result is more suitable than the original image.

• An image can be easily modified using a number of techniques.

 Disadvantages:

• Digital cameras which are used for digital image processing have some drawbacks like memory card problems, higher cost, battery consumption. 

80 20 Rule

 What is 80 20 Rule?

• Vilfredo pareto, Italian Economist observed 80% of the land in Italy belonged to approximately 20% of country's total population.

• 80-20 Rule was suggested by Joseph M.Juran which is also called Pareto's principle.

• It says that, 80% of outcomes come from 20% of your inputs.

• We can take Pareto's 80 20 rule and apply it to almost any situation. Understanding the principle is essential to learning how to prioritize your tasks, days, weeks, and months.

 Examples:

• 20%of the workers produce 80% of the result

• 20%of the customers create 80% of the revenue

• 20% of the bugs cause 80% of the crashes

• 20% of the features cause 80% of the usage

80% of  Time We Use 20% of Actions Placed on Search Option

80% of Time We Use 20% of Applications and Place on Desktop

80% of Use Above Marked Buttons and Remaining Buttons Use Only 20%

Golden ratio

Phi is Golden:

• Represented by the greek letter phi(φ),  the golden ration is the irrational value i.e.,

Golden Ratio:

• Euclid gives us the definition of the Golden Ratio.

• He instructs us to take a line segment and divide it into two smaller segments such that the ratio of the whole line segment (a+b) to segment a is the same as the ratio of segment a to segment b.

         or equivalently as a proportion:

The Golden Rectangle:

• The Golden Ratio is most commonly represented as the Golden  Rectangle, a rectangle with side-length ratio of 1.618:1.

• Golden Rectangle also have the property that if you cut off a square, you will be let with another Golden Rectangle.

Golden Rectangles

Solving the Golden Proportion:

• To find where the value 1.618034..... comes from we must solve the proportion.

• Visually, we can see how the Fibonacci sequence generates rectangles closer and closer to the Golden Rectangle.

Examples:

Golden Ratio in Web page

Golden Ratio in Logos

Golden Ratio in Arts

   

Pi and its importance

What is Pi in Math?

• Pi(π)  is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. Pi is a constant number, meaning that for all circles of any size, Pi will be the same.

• Pi is also an irrational number, which means that its value cannot be expressed exactly as a simple fraction. As a result, Pi is an infinite decimal. Although 22/7 gives a result that is close to Pi, it is not the same number.

• Since mathematicians can't work with infinite decimals easily, they often need to approximate Pi. For most purposes, Pi can be approximated as 3.14159. Some people even shorten it to 3.14, which is why Pi Day is celebrated on March 14(3/14).

• Interestingly, there can be no "final" digit of Pi, because it's an irrational number that never ends. Mathematicians have also proved that there are no repeating patterns in the digits of Pi.

Why Pi?

• Pi is the Sixteenth letter in greek word. The Greek letter(π)   was first used to represent Pi by william jones in 1706, because (π)    was an abbrevation of the Greek word for perimeter:"περίμετρος."

Pi used to find area and circumference of circle

Examples:

                              

                                     Π(Earth) = C/d = Circumference/diameter = 40075/12742 = 3.14159

Pi Designed Tires

Pi Designed Wall Clock

Pi Designed Cricket Stadium

Focus in Pictures

Importance of Images:

• Visual information is very convenient. Instead of reading a lot of text, which takes time and effort, we rather quickly scan an image or a graph.

• Then, images can trigger all sorts of emotions and memories, which makes them very engaging.

• Also, a lot of people can better memorize visual information and often it's easier to share than written content. 

• Images can cross language barriers a lot better than text can.

• The following guidelines will help you to insert images in your web page

• Use Meaningful Images: You should only use images that somehow support your content.Be it because they show some relevant information, because they convey a feeling that supports your message.

Irrelevant adds on News Paper

• Show real People: When we recognize any human faces on the we. It makes us feel like we are actually connecting with other humans, not only with some coded website. Especially faces of other humans draw our attention and not only that, we even follow their line of sight.

Irrelevant Images on Resume

• Background Images create Atmosphere: Background images are a great way to create a unique atmosphere on your site, or give your visitors an immediate impression of what your site is about. Make sure you know exactly what effect you want your background image to have on your visitors. Then implement it in your design and test it to make sure it has the desired effect. 

Black Background of Web page

Advantages:

• Images make it easier to understand complex information.
• Images can attract and guide your visitors' attention, trigger emotions and build trust.